Smoking

By Linda Athanasiadou

Genetics plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of cancer. As someone who has faced the challenges of cancer treatment, I, Linda Athanasiadou, have come to some thoughts on how our genetic makeup can significantly influence both the risk of developing cancer and the effectiveness of preventive measures. In this article, I will explore how genetics impacts cancer risk, the role of inherited mutations, and how understanding these genetic factors can inform prevention and treatment strategies. I am not a doctor, it’s just my personal research.

The Role of Genetics in Cancer

Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) in the DNA that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. While many of these mutations occur as a result of environmental factors, such as smoking, radiation, or diet, some mutations are inherited from one generation to the next. Inherited genetic mutations can significantly increase the risk of certain types of cancer, and understanding these genetic factors can be crucial for prevention, early detection, and treatment.

Genetic mutations that increase cancer risk are often classified into two categories: those that are inherited (germline mutations) and those that occur during a person’s lifetime (somatic mutations). Germline mutations are passed down from parent to child and are present in every cell of the body, while somatic mutations are acquired during a person’s lifetime and affect only specific cells.

Inherited Genetic Mutations and Cancer Risk

Some genetic mutations are directly linked to an increased risk of developing certain cancers. One of the most well-known examples is mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Women who inherit a BRCA mutation have a much higher lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, with estimates ranging from 45% to 70%, compared to about 12% in the general population. Additionally, men with BRCA mutations are also at increased risk for breast cancer and other cancers, such as prostate cancer.

In addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, there are other inherited genetic mutations associated with increased cancer risk. For example, mutations in the TP53 gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that helps prevent the growth of tumours, can lead to a rare inherited disorder called Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This condition significantly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, including breast cancer, bone cancer, and brain tumours, often at a young age.

Lynch syndrome, caused by mutations in genes involved in DNA repair, is another genetic condition that increases the risk of colorectal cancer and other cancers, such as endometrial and ovarian cancer. Individuals with Lynch syndrome have a much higher lifetime risk of developing these cancers compared to the general population.

Genetic Testing and Risk Assessment

Genetic testing has become an invaluable tool in assessing cancer risk. By testing for specific inherited mutations, healthcare providers can identify individuals who may be at higher risk of developing certain cancers. This information allows for targeted preventive measures, such as increased surveillance, lifestyle modifications, or even preventative treatments.

For instance, women who test positive for BRCA mutations may choose to undergo more frequent breast cancer screenings, including mammograms and MRI scans, starting at an earlier age. In some cases, individuals with a high genetic risk may opt for prophylactic surgeries, such as a mastectomy or oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries), to reduce the risk of cancer.

Genetic testing can also provide valuable information for family members, as they may share the same genetic mutations and be at increased risk for developing cancer. Understanding the genetic risk within families allows for early intervention and more effective prevention strategies.

The Role of Somatic Mutations in Cancer

While inherited genetic mutations contribute to cancer risk, most cancers are caused by somatic mutations, which occur throughout a person’s lifetime. These mutations are typically the result of environmental factors, such as exposure to carcinogens, UV radiation, or the natural aging process. Somatic mutations can affect specific genes that regulate cell growth, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and DNA repair.

In fact, many cancers involve mutations in genes that are responsible for controlling cell division and tumour suppression. For example, mutations in the TP53 gene, often referred to as the “guardian of the genome,” are common in many types of cancer, including lung, colon, and breast cancer. The loss of this tumour-suppressor gene can allow cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably.

Somatic mutations can also be responsible for the development of resistance to cancer treatments. Over time, cancer cells can acquire mutations that enable them to evade the effects of chemotherapy or immunotherapy. This is why ongoing research into cancer genetics and the development of targeted therapies is so important in improving treatment outcomes.

Preventing Cancer Through Genetic Understanding

Understanding the genetic basis of cancer risk provides opportunities for prevention. While we cannot change our genetic makeup, there are several strategies available to reduce cancer risk, particularly for individuals who are aware of their genetic predisposition.

Lifestyle Modifications

For those with a family history or genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer, adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of developing cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco use, and limiting alcohol consumption are all key strategies for cancer prevention. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, as well as minimizing exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins, can further reduce cancer risk.

Targeted Preventive Measures

In addition to lifestyle changes, individuals at higher genetic risk may benefit from targeted preventive measures. For example, individuals with a BRCA mutation may opt for preventive surgeries, as mentioned earlier, or may choose to take medications like tamoxifen or raloxifene, which have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women at high genetic risk.

For those at risk of colorectal cancer due to inherited conditions like Lynch syndrome, regular colonoscopies starting at an earlier age can help detect precancerous polyps or early-stage cancer, allowing for early intervention.

Gene Therapy and Targeted Treatments

In the future, gene therapy may offer more direct ways to address genetic risk. Scientists are researching ways to repair or replace faulty genes that contribute to cancer risk. While gene therapy is still in its early stages, breakthroughs in this area could revolutionise cancer prevention and treatment, allowing for personalised approaches tailored to an individual’s unique genetic makeup.

Conclusion: The Importance of Genetic Awareness

Genetics plays a crucial role in both the development and prevention of cancer. Understanding the inherited genetic mutations that increase cancer risk can lead to early detection, more effective prevention strategies, and tailored treatments. Genetic testing and counselling can provide invaluable information for individuals and families, empowering them to make informed decisions about their health.

If you have a family history of cancer or are concerned about your genetic risk, it’s essential to speak with a healthcare provider or genetic counsellor. By understanding your genetic predisposition, you can take proactive steps to reduce your risk and improve your overall health.

Sorry for my english in advance. I have a problem with my parents. Ive had so much shit going on for the past 6 months. My girlfriend left me in a disgousting way. It left me depressed for a month but i managed to stay out of that. So many rumors about me crushed me. And my parents simply dont care about anything else except school. I wonder if they ever thought if their son is happy. Im playing drums and trying so hard, stopped smoking, im working hard in the gym, eating right, sleeping right, started reading to fix my vocabulary, fixing every aspect of my life and improving… except school. They dont see how much work im trying to put in and they measure my worth by grades. Im starting to hate them. Every interaction sounds like a attack. I speak back, with a fact, calm, and they get so pissed. They are so contraversial, they want me to be an adult and a kid, depends on what they want or need. I cant go anywhere else, i cant do anything, i cant ask fo help, my situation is so fucked and i cant get into details now, im not even allowed to go outside for a moment to clear my mind. Someone please help me because all of this is blocking my brain and i cant think of anything. I know, it could be worse, way worse, always, but i need to get out of this to keep my mental health.#MightyTogether

I was born in London but spent much of my childhood growing up in Tunisia with my grandparents. I returned to the UK at age seven and lived with my parents and siblings in East London. I attended local schools and college, where I earned A-levels and an AS-level. I felt connected and loyal to my community.
At eighteen, I went to university away from home. During my first semester, my grandad passed away, which affected me deeply. Around this time, I started smoking cannabis. I struggled academically and failed my first year. I tried again at a different university, hoping for a fresh start and extra funding, but I failed again. The lack of family support, not having a private space to study, and my cannabis use made it difficult to focus and succeed. I felt isolated and uncertain about my future.
By the age of twenty-one, I tried to reintegrate into the community but found no clear path forward. I stayed at home to rest and recover, but I began experiencing delusions related to the internet and ideas of reference — feeling that unrelated events or messages were directed at me. Around this time, I was diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Later, I faced serious family conflict. My father falsely accused me of hitting him during an altercation, leading to my being kicked out of the family home. My mother, sister, and others sided against me, leaving me homeless. Despite seeking help from the council, I was not given housing and ended up sleeping on the streets. Struggling to survive, I committed theft and was involved in altercations, which resulted in an eighteen-month prison sentence.
During my time in prison, the system helped secure accommodation for me upon release. However, I met people in prison who fueled my anger about the unfairness and stigma I felt from society and the system. Since then, I have spent time in several bed and breakfast accommodations and have been in and out of prison.

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In my heart, I knew I was in the right. But I felt my human rights were violated in ways that left me angry and defensive. I became argumentative, determined to prove my experience was real by any means necessary. Yet, I refused to talk openly about what I went through, which only deepened misunderstandings. That doesn’t justify the discrimination and prejudice I faced — that’s on those who judged without knowing.
I wasn’t naïve enough to think the whole community was against me, but I needed my story to be heard and preserved. Conflicts of interest kept arising around me, which may not have been personal attacks, but as a 26-year-old navigating adulthood with little experience, I felt misunderstood. Compassion and understanding were what I longed for — experience is a kind of knowledge, and I was still learning. I also struggled with taking my medication consistently and wasn’t always receiving the benefits I was entitled to. I’m part of this society, and I wanted to be treated as such.
I’ve always been comfortable with my diagnosis, but when you’re

Pauley is being... herself I guess. And after one year of not paying rent or electricity and only just got her own food stamps... But she's dragging ass to spend any food money on me.
I'm kinda high and I have my reasons.
I'm near tears and feeling like I'm asking for too much and I'm a fat hog who needs some good smoking and basted. Sorry I just saw a picture of smoked ham. I'm so hungry.
I don't want to end up resenting Pauley. I love her dearly and I wouldn't be complete 💯. Shes my left brain and I am her right brain.
#Relationships #BackPain #MentalHealth #noxisstoned

I just feel so happy and I have no pain. I wish I could share this pain free euphoria with my friends. It's so nice. I'm a bit more aware of my room around me. I know that doesn't make sense. I'm not used to being high. I never got into smoking pot in my 20s or 30s. Sure I tried more than a few edibles and I loved how they made me feel better. But sometimes when I get high I also get nauseous. Lucky for me I have zofran. My head doesn't hurt anymore. It feels like swirly sparkly magic. Which is to say I like me and I feel wonderful. And for more logic side of my brain...no prodrome. Which is huge.
Weeeeeeee.

Just a quick update for anyone that cares ,

I’m in a php now . Has it been helping ? Not sure yet . I admit , group therapy is better than expected & im grateful for it . I haven’t been able to stop drinking & smoking , but I’m trying . Then again I’m not really trying because who cares if I’m a drunk that’s destroying my life . If I’m smoking to numb my feelings , so what ? Idk but being in a room where other people get it , is a little helpful but my suicidal ideations haven’t changed . I’ve been diagnosed with bipolar so I’m just trying to navigate through that , I also think there’s some adhd but I haven’t bought it up to the doctor just yet , one thing at a time yk ?

Ok, here we go. I am sure the #Anxiety is playing a role but I am not sure how to go about it and I can't say anything about bc I fear I will lose control and start arguing/fighting.

About a year ago a new neighbor moved into the condos I live in. Figured out after a couple weeks that it was someone that had gone to the same High School but they were a class ahead of mine. We didn't have the same social or economic circles for sure, in fact, I vividly recall some of their friends did bully me a bit in school (20+ years ago) for being small and weird.

Fast forward to after they moved in. Hadn't spoken to them (and they haven't spoken to me) but their dog wants to charge at mine, and they haven't done a real good job at cleaning up after their dog, they put up some awful and gawdy patio stuff that doesn't really fit into the space (looks packed in).

Now just recently it seems that they have moved out but their parentals have moved in. That's all fine. I keep to myself, try not to bother anyone, you know. However, one of the newest neighbors has sat out front in their patio almost the entire day for the entire week, facing my door smoking cigars (almost non-stop). So every time i try to leave, they are there watching me leave. Every time I come back, they are there watching me come home. Can't open my windows for long before it starts smelling like cigars. It's creepy and annoying.

While I don't think it is intentional, I think my anxiety is making it seem worse than it is. And the #ObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder is obsessing over it on the forefront of my mind (especially when I seeing them when leaving or coming home).

I've lived here for over 15 years peacefully, i really don't want to move or start fighting with neighbors.

Hi! I'll attempt to keep this one short, unlike my other posts.

I grew up a non-smoker in a very much smoker family (everyone, including the teens, smoked except for grandma and me). We all live in one big family house which has three floors. Each of us, or I guess each "family unit" has their own flat, complete with the bathroom and kitchen etc. The smoking family members would all gather in the second floor hallway and chainsmoke with the window only a little cracked, pretty much using the place as a balcony.

As a kid I grew up with my emotionally neglectful & abusive grandmother who lived on the second floor, but very close to the stairs leading downstairs, away from the part of the hallway where they used to gather. This was ironically ideal as at least I didn't smell it as much back then and the only thing bothering me back then was the cat hair on my clothes I got bullied for and the feathers in my bedding I was allergic to, oh and I guess also grandma but that's besides the point. :P

Afterwards something happened that made my dad move me upstairs, and I remained there since then. This upstairs flat does not have a bathroom or a functioning kitchen, so I always have to walk down the stairs, open and close the door leading to the stairs and move through the second floor hallway if I want to go to the toilet, get kitchen appliances, literally just leave or move freely throughout the house.

As a kid it was really bad because, as I said, there were about 1-5 people smoking there at any random moment and I needed to power through that. Plus I couldn't have said anything to them either because they'd get mad I'm straying away from them or defending my health (lol fuckers).

Now at least most of the people have moved out and only two sometimes smoke there, so it's better. Still definitely not ideal, but better! Except for when some of them visit, like the teens that are now adults that now have a partner of their own who also smokes and that fuckass annoying baby they like to expose to second hand smoke that I have to pretend I find cute, even though it always reeks of smoke and shit and will probably end up with a shit ton of problems in the future. And then they all gather in the hallway and ruin the air again and again. The new people always seem to use the worst smelling brands, too, and I have to pretend like I appreciate their presence at all, which drains me to no ends. Can't wait for when they leave.

It bothers me a ton, because I have to time my actions throughout the day constantly like going to take a dump, taking out the trash, talking to people downstairs if it's needed or if they want me to etc. and it's annoying to do that and then miscalculate and end up with potential smoke in the hair/clothes/SELF and then just the feeling of not feeling clean and worrying about getting cancer. Plus the clothes were expensive, and just freshly washed.

It's also annoying when I time it juuust right, after they just smoked and I can still smell it in the air. I try to hold my breath but it isn't doing much. I always run upstairs really fast afterwards and get a tissue to blow into, I guess to reassure myself that I'm alright now.

A trip from the hallway and out of it usually takes me about 4 seconds because again, I try to be really fast, but running up the stairs while holding my breath all while the smoke is still seeping into the rest of my skin exacerbating my skin problems and possibly creating new ones in the process takes longer, around 7 seconds. My question is, how likely is this to impact my health?

I was toying with the idea of going to the cardiologist and telling him about all of this (except for the part where I'm inconsiderate about my family of course), so that he could maybe write a fake note telling them my issues got worse and that a potential culprit could have been their smoking, so if they please couldn't smoke outside instead. Corrupt, but it could work, I think?

Then again, the house is my grandma's, and she doesn't really care about any of this even though she is a non-smoker as well, so it's probably not accomplishable. Doubt she'd make an exception for JUST me either. Seems unbalanced.

Anyway, thank you for reading, and I will be glad for any responses. :)#CPTSD #EmotionalNeglect #Smoking #cigarettes #help #MentalHealth edited for the tags